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法律英语 如何翻译 法律(2)

2023-04-07 来源:文库网
3、Act
Act of Parliament, “The will of the legislature”.An Act comes into force on the day it receives the Royal Assent, unless otherwise stated. Acts can be public or private, local, general or personal.
Act是由议会或国会正式通过的法令、法案。除非另有说明,法案通常自收到皇室御准之日起生效。法案可以是公共的或私人的、地方的、一般的或个人的。也可译为“法案; 法令; 条例; 公约”等。如:the Housing and Community Development Act (1977), 住房和社区发展法; Black Act (1723), “黑法案”,其中规定任何人都不得为了猎鹿二八连涂黑或伪装起来,否则会被吊死。
4、code
A systematical collection, in comprehensive form of laws, e.g., the Code of Hammurabi (18th century BC), produced in Mesopotamia, the Code Napoléon (1804).
法典,是涵盖当时某个法律体系或某方面法律的立法。也指将某一现行的部门法编篡为比较系统的永久有效的法律汇编。如:美国法学会编撰的 The Model Penal Code,模范刑法典;美国各州法律统一委员会和美国法学会编撰的 The Uniform Commercial Code,统一商法典;Code of Written Law,成文法典; the United States Code(U.S.C.), 美国法典; Code of Military Justice, 军事审判法典等。总之,法典是经过整理的比较完备、系统的某一法律的总称,如民法典、刑法典等。
5、Statute
An Act of Parliament. ‘What the statute itself enacts cannot be unlawful, because what the statute says and provides is itself the law and the highest form of law that is known to this country’. A Statute becomes law on a date specified therein, or on the date to be fixed by the Minister. Statutory law or statute law is written law set down by a body of legislature or by a singular legislator (in the case of absolute monarchy). This is as opposed to oral or customary law; or regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary. Statutes may originate with national, state legislatures or local municipalities. It is a written ordinance of Congress,or another legislative body.
“statute”是由国家依立法程序制定,并用规范性法律文件的形式公布施行的法律,包括宪法、法律、行政法规、地方性法规等。成文法是由立法机关制定的法律,有别于法院判决的判例法和政府机构颁布的法规。除非另有规定,其法律效力自通过之日起即已获得。这个词是用来对比普通法的,同时,也与“不成文法”相对应。不成文法,是不经立法程序制定而由国家承认并赋予法律效力的社会习惯、判决中的法律原则等。“statute”也可译作“法案;法令,法规;制定法、成文法”等。如:Statute of Frauds 防止欺诈法;Statute of Anne (安妮法案),1710年英国通过的世界上第一部著作权。
以上只是粗略的区分。广义的 “law”可以延伸为 “律师界”、“律师行业”或者“法律职业”等意,如:“law faculty(法学院教学团队)”、“law firm(律师事务所)”;law report (判例汇编)等;狭义的 “law”有两种意思,一是指普通法(common law),即判例法(case law),俗称为“法官之法”,亦可称为“decisional law”, “adjudicative law” 或 “unwritten law”, 与英美法系的制定法或成文法(即 statute, act, code, statutory law或enacted law) 等由立法机关制定的法律相对应; 二是与英美法系的“衡平法”(equity law)相对应的普通法(common law)。
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